Diabetes mellitus belongs to the group of endocrine diseases. Pathology develops in case of violation of the production or action on the tissues of insulin - the hormone of the islet apparatus of the pancreas, which contributes to the absorption of glucose. Sugar can accumulate in the blood (hyperglycemia) and in urine (glycosuria).
A long violation of glucose disposal leads to a disorder of all types of metabolism. The pathology of the islet apparatus often proceeds with different in terms of severity by disorders from other organs and systems. Disarms of small vessels, retina, kidneys, and nervous system are characteristic.
Typically, diabetes mellitus has fairly pronounced metabolism deviations and is easily diagnosed. It is more difficult to identify the disease in the initial and preclinical stage when the patient's complaints are minimal or absent. This requires an in -depth purposeful study. The identification of the disease in the early stages is an important condition for effective treatment and prevention prevention.
If you need to undergo a comprehensive examination for endocrinopathy or you are looking for where to cure diabetes mellitus only to professional doctors. The services of patients are experienced endocrinologists and laboratory with modern diagnostic equipment for high-precision research.
The main symptoms of diabetes mellitus
This disease is characterized by a number of complaints and objective features detected by laboratory diagnostic tests. The first manifestations of diabetes are quite diverse. Separate signs or group of symptoms that may indicate the disease include:
- specific metabolic disorders - body weight change, thirst, increased urination, constant feeling of hunger;
- General non -specific complaints - loss of strength, fatigue at minor loads, drowsiness, muscle weakness;
- dry skin, itching in the genital area, around the anus;
- Often recurrent boils, sluggish wound healing;
- painful dry mouth, a feeling of swelling of the oral mucosa;
- poor condition of the teeth, inappropriate to age;
- Neurites with impaired peripheral sensitivity;
- change in sexual, reproductive functions - loss of attraction, infertility, birth of large babies;
- defeat of the organs of vision;
- complaints from the cardiovascular system.
Often the symptoms do not cause anxiety in the patient, and he does not consider it necessary to consult a doctor. Sometimes any manifestations of the disease are absent, and hyperglycemia is found only with a planned examination.
The most characteristic of the pathology of the islet apparatus are complaints from the metabolic:
- Polyuria (rapid urination). With hypoinsulinism, urine isolation occurs often in large quantities. Its daily volumes exceed 3 liters. Day urination prevails, without pain.
- Polydipsy (thirst). Increased thirst is due to dehydration. The amount of fluid drunk exceeds 3 liters. Often, patients prefer sweetened drinks to quench thirst.
- Weight change. A decrease in body weight is due to the loss of fluid, proteins, fats, carbohydrates. Excess weight can precede the disease or contribute to its development.
- Polyphage (increased appetite). Preference is given to sweet foods rich in carbohydrates. In the initial stage of the disease, hunger is more often manifested in the form of painful seizures.
If pathological signs are found in the hospital for diabetics or a diagnostic center for a purposeful examination.
Factors affecting the development of diabetes mellitus
In the mechanisms of development of diabetes, two key points are distinguished, on the basis of which the disease is divided into types:
- Low insulin production of pancreatic intra -sector cells.
- Violation of the hormone’s ability to act on the body, the immunity of cells to insulin.
In the case of insufficient insulin products, type 1 diabetes develops. It is based on the progressive destruction of the islands of Langerganes (intra -regional pancreatic cells). This occurs due to autoimmune processes in the body - antibodies to insulin, secretory cell structures, and enzymes are produced.
The provoking factors in the development of autoimmune disorders can serve:
- viral infections;
- violation of nutrition during pregnancy, during feeding;
- unfavorable environmental situation;
- Stress action.
Type 1 diabetes is more often diagnosed in young people. The first manifestations of pathology occur when the death of intra -regional cells reaches more than 80%. The disease proceeds with a high risk of complications, all types of metabolism suffer significantly.
Type 2 diabetes occurs with the immunity of tissue receptors to the action of insulin. In this case, the hormone is reproduced in normal or slightly reduced quantities. The mechanism of such violations is associated with the initially inferior insulin structure (hereditary predisposition) or acquired changes, as a result of which the signal transmission from receptors to the internal structures of the cell is violated.
Provoke the development of type 2 disease can:
- improper food diet, overeating;
- sedentary lifestyle;
- hypertension;
- alcohol abuse;
- age -related changes;
- obesity;
- Uncontrolled medication.
Diagnostic diagnostic methods
According to statistics, about 2. 5% of the population around the world suffer from diabetes. The number of people with a latent course or predisposed to the disease is much more. In time, identified hyperglycemia allows you to prevent serious complications.
The main method of diagnosing disorder is laboratory tests. The most reliable sign of impaired metabolism is an increase in blood sugar on an empty stomach of more than 6. 1 mmol/l, and 2 hours after meals - over 11. 1 mmol/l. With dubious results, a glucosotolerant test is used.
People under 45 years of age are recommended to examine the blood sugar level at least every 3 years. An annually, a screening examination is necessary for persons at risk:
- obesity;
- age after 45 years;
- hereditary predisposition;
- Increased glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides.
Patients from the risk group and with an already identified disease need a more thorough study by laboratory and instrumental methods. Equipment in centers or clinics in the treatment of diabetes complies with world diagnostic standards.
Modern clinics offers various diabetes treatment programs aimed at identifying metabolic disorders and complications in the early stages. They include:
- biochemical blood test (all the necessary indicators - glucose, lipid spectrum, protein, transaminase, potassium, urea, creatinine, uric acid, calcium);
- Clinical blood test;
- urine analysis;
- inspection of an ophthalmologist;
- duplex scanning of the main arteries of the head;
- Endocrinologist consultation.
Of particular importance is the study of the level of glycated hemoglobin in the blood for long-term control over glucose (the last 2-3 months) and the quality of the quality of therapy. The test is included in the standard of specialized care and should be carried out to all patients with diabetes every 3 months.
The methodology for determining this indicator requires high -quality equipment and interpretation of data. In the center for the treatment of diabetes, the modern equipment of the laboratory allows you to monitor the results with high accuracy, without the need for re -analysis. The services of patients are experienced specialists, a wide profile of diagnostic capabilities, the latest research and treatment technologies.
Diabetes treatment methods
There are no effective ways to completely cure. Most often, the treatment of diabetes is reduced to the achievement of stable indicators of the level of glucose in the blood, the prevention of late complications and the normalization of the lipid blood spectrum and the level of blood pressure.
All patients need to adhere to a diet. It is recommended to limit fast carbohydrates, to balance the protein ratio (20%), fats (20%) and carbohydrates (60%). The calorie content of food must correspond to physical activity. In mild cases, it is possible to achieve compensation for pathology using one diet.
All patients are trained in self -control. The level of capillary blood sugar is determined by the patient himself using portable glucometers. Long-term monitoring of indicators and effectiveness of therapy is controlled by an endocrinologist.
Drug treatment includes taking oral sugar -fat agents and insulin therapy. Indications for replacement therapy with insulin:
- all patients with type 1 diabetes;
- inefficiency of other types of treatment;
- signs of decompensation of metabolic disorders;
- ketoacidosis;
- intolerance to oral sugar -lowering agents;
- Remote pancreas.
Criteria for compensation for metabolic disorders:
- The level of glycated hemoglobin is less than 7%.
- Glucose of blood on an empty stomach-less than 5. 0-6. 5 mmol/l.
- Blood glucose after 2 hours after eating-less than 8-10 mmol/l.
- Blood glucose before going to bed - less than 7. 5 mmol/l.
- Blood cholesterol - less than 4. 8 mmol/l.
- Triglycerides-less than 1. 7-1. 8 mmol/l.
- Arterial pressure - less than 130/80 mm Hg. pillar.
An important condition for adequate control over the disease is the choice of an experienced specialist. If you need to undergo an examination or treatment of diabetes in a hospital, carefully choose clinics that offer quality and professional services.